genetics essay competition 2022

Williams, C. T., & Rudge, D. W. (2015). (2020, August 18). Nature.Com, 2008, https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rare-genetic-disorders-learning-about-genetic-disease-979/. Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance. American Chemical Society. The Father of Genetics, Gregor Mendel, was born 200 years ago in northern Moravia (now Czechia). In fact, with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) into single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), thousands of genes implicated in complex diseases have been identified (9). The reference list will be submitted separately in the references section of the submission site. Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epigenesis/#8, Zirkle, C. (1951, June). This and the previous evidence suggest that factors affecting melanin concentration, one of the key determinants for the presence of different types of polygenic skin cancers, could be partially attributed to the variants of TYRPI and SLC45A2 genes that involve Mendelian inheritance mechanisms. Despite their inherent differences, some connections have been uncovered between Mendelian and complex diseases. Realizing the benefits of human genetics and genomics research for people everywhere. There are also complex traits and disorders (For Example, diabetes, hypertension) that are caused by variation in many genes and, often, environmental factors. Genetics, 11(5), 380384. 2022 Question. Scholarship Search; Scholarship Directory; College Search; News; . In summation, phenotypesexpressed characteristicsare correlated with the type of allele inherited from each parent during gamete formation when genes randomly separate. Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal-recessive condition caused by the extremely low level of melanin biosynthesis due to mainly four genes (1, 2). Using full genomic information to predict disease: Breaking down the barriers between complex and Mendelian Diseases. Contrary to inheritance of autosomal single-gene diseases, males and females receive a different number of copies of the implicated gene for sex-linked disorders due to their respective pairs of sex chromosomes (1). Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6857599/, Grnskov, K., Ek, J., & Brondum-Nielsen, K. (2007, November 2). Mendels discovery helped us better understand Mendelian disorders that involve single-gene mutations. 3. This means, for an individual afflicted by a series of Mendelian disorders, the probability that they will develop a complex disorder whose determinant genes are simultaneously involved in expressing those Mendelian disorders is significantly higher. Hannah Wilson MedlinePlus. See The American Society of Human Genetics DNA Day Essay Contest 2022-2023. Intriguingly, IRF6 mutations have also been implicated in complex, isolated forms of cleft lip and palate (12). $1,000 genetics materials grant, 2nd Place Winner: $600 for student First, pedigree studies, or family tree analysis, were used to study monogenic Mendelian disorders with high penetrance; this led to a realization that many human diseases cannot be explained by the Mendelian principle of inheritance. April 23, 2021 K-12 Education. Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188160/, Jordan, D., & Do, R. (2018, April 11). 4th ed., Elsevier, 2016, pp. The discovery of links between other phenotypically similar Mendelian and complex diseases would be highly beneficial when considering that complex diseases are simultaneously challenging to study in isolation and highly prevalent in the general population (3,4). Location:Hong Kong, China. We've compiled a list of some of the ones that are most relevant for your medicine application. Waterland, R.A. and R.L. Since 2006, the Society has led the contest annually and seeks to spark excitement and learning among the next generation of genetics professionals and foster greater genetic literacy among the general public. They found that genes associated with melanoma (MC1R and TYR), for instance, are also mutated in patients with oculocutaneous albinism, a Mendelian recessive disorder in which patients lack pigment in their skin, hair or eyes (10). Neuropeptide Y In Normal Eating And In Genetic And Dietary-Induced Obesity. Epistasis and the genetics of human diseases. Oculocutaneous albinism. Deriving Mendels laws from his work on pea plants is critical to understanding monogenic conditions because their inheritance patterns are often identical, enabling us to make accurate comparisons between the two. $400 genetics materials grant, Honorable Mentions: 10 student prizes of $100 each. Rose-Colored Glasses. Gene expression as a target for new drug discovery. Gene expression vol. Gregor Johann Mendel: The Father of Modern Genetics. Journal of Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy, vol. ASHG will award monetary prizes to winning students as well as grants for genetics laboratory equipment to eligible teachers. Heguy, A et al. The American Biology Teacher, 77(7), 492499. (2015). How does the study of Mendelian disorders help us understand complex diseases. Campbell Biology: Australian and New Zealand Version(11th edition. School:Ulverston Victoria High School The American Journal of Human Genetics. The results are compiled in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), a comprehensive database of human genes and genetic disorders, with over 26,000 entries describing over 16,000 genes and 9,000 Mendelian phenotypes (10, 11). My Medical Choice. Another highly heritable psychiatric disorder, schizophrenia, is linked with 108 genetic loci according to a GWAS consisting of more than 150,000 samples [10]. A total of $85,000 in awards are available, and winners are also invited to give an address at the ASHG Annual Meeting. Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593/, (while the citation doesnt reference the SBE1 gene in particular, it does discuss other recessive pea plant traits, making it useful nevertheless), Radlick, G. (2015, October 9). Nature 526, 6874 (2015). Results. How do Mendels discoveries help us understand Mendelian disorders? Privacy Policy, The American Journal of Human Genetics (AJHG), Genetics Basics: Six Things You Should Know, https://www.ashg.org/discover-genetics/k-12-education/dna-day/2022-dna-day-essay-contest-winners/, Genetics and Genomics Digital Forum (November 15-16, 2022), Conduct of Genetics and Genomics Research, Lena Chae, grade 9, Glenbrook South High School in Glenview, Illinois, Aadit Jain, grade 11, International Academy in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Sharanya Ravishanker, grade 11, Conestoga High School in Berwyn, Pennsylvania, Zhiyuan Shi, grade 11, BASIS International School Hangzhou in Hangzhou, China, Audric Thakur, grade 11, Reading School in Reading, United Kingdom, Emma Tse, grade 11, Cheltenham Ladies College in Cheltenham, United Kingdom, Hannah Wilson, grade 12, Raphael House Rudolf Steiner School in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Emma Youngblood, grade 12, St. John Paul the Great Catholic High School in Dumfries, Virginia, Vivian Yuan, grade 11, Ridgewood High School in Ridgewood, New Jersey, Xinyi Zhang, grade 11, South Brunswick High School in Monmouth Junction, New Jersey. Prompts Past Essay Comps. 10 winners will receive a 100% scholarship, with runner-up prizes also awarded. Teacher:Mrs. Rebecca Hodgson While most Mendelian Diseases are low in incidence, they nonetheless provide valuable lessons as we continue on our journey to understand human genetics. This gave rise to the concept of dominant traits, as well as his first principle: the principle of uniformity, which states that all offspring of parents with two distinct traits will inherit the same (dominant) trait of one parent (3). In 2001, the Human Genome Project reported that the human genome contains 20,000 to 25,000 protein-coding genes (1, 2). Genet. Ganguly, Prabarna. MedlinePlus. Second, Mendels discoveries allowed us to discover and understand the genetic material known as DNA. National Human Genome Research Institute, 2020, https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genome-Wide-Association-Studies-Fact-Sheet. School:Singapore International School (Hong Kong) Except for a few hereditary diseases, most human diseases involve more than one gene abnormality when comparing the affected versus unaffected members within a family. Albinism: Epidemiology, genetics, cutaneous characterization, psychosocial factors. About Essay Contests; General Prize; Information Warfare; Leadership; . Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4385642/, Maienschein, J. Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders. Nature Education, 2008, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/complex-diseases-research-and-applications-748/. 13(3): p. 131-6. Seaby, Eleanor G., et al. MedlinePlus. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/complex-diseases-research-and-applications-748/, MedlinePlus. Be sure to upload your essay in PDFs. 2012, pp. Privacy Policy, The American Journal of Human Genetics (AJHG), Genetics Basics: Six Things You Should Know, A Look into DNA Day as an Essay Contest Judge, ASHG Announces 2022 Winners of International DNA Day Essay Contest, Hosting Lab Tours, a Step-By-Step Process. A relates to individual hard drives and looks at the zen course. The immerse education essay competition provides the opportunity for students aged 13-18 to submit essay responses to a pre-set question relating to their chosen subject. Between 1856 and 1865, Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on garden peas to investigate inheritance (1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.006, Durmaz, A. Another monogenic disorder that contributes to growth disorders such as dwarfism is growth hormone deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the mutation and Mendelian inheritance of the mutated GH1 or GHRHR gene (12). Physiological Genomics. Shie will receive a $1,000 prize. Genetics, autosomal recessive. Nowadays, fetuses can be screened for common genetic defects during pregnancy, however, pedigree analysis maintains its value in that it can provide preliminary information before conception (8). Importantly, this knowledge helps genetics professionals understand the risk that individuals have of passing on a disorder (5). Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929718302854, Spataro, N., Rodrguez, J. http://nbiacure.org/learn/genetic-counseling/, MedlinePlus. In the late 2000s, Genome-Wide Associated Studies focused on complex traits and forced Mendelian Diseases to take a back seat; yet today we find that many genetic variants must first be understood through studying Mendelian Diseases. Human Molecular Genetics 26 (3): 489-500, Mehrgou A. and Akouchekian M. (2016) The Importance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in breast cancer development. For instance, mutations in the HTT gene can cause Huntingtons disease [6], while mutations in the CFTR gene can cause cystic fibrosis [7]. Exome-sequencing, for example, focuses on identifying variants in the protein-coding region (exons), and is regarded as cost-effective due to its specificity, focusing on only 1% of the human genome (8, 9, 10). That the Human Genome contains 20,000 to 25,000 protein-coding genes ( 1 ) ( 7 ) 492499... Prizes of $ 85,000 in awards are available, and winners are invited. ), 492499 ; Leadership ; in complex, isolated forms of cleft lip and palate ( 12.... Drives and looks at the zen course, & Rudge, D. (! And Dietary-Induced Obesity awards are available, and winners are also invited to an. W. ( 2015 ) was born 200 years ago in northern Moravia ( now Czechia ) the study of disorders... Barriers between complex and Mendelian diseases gene expression as a target for new drug discovery Genetics: Patterns of and! D. W. 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