spitak earthquake deaths

[31], Seventy-eight people were killed while on a relief mission to Leninakan when a Soviet Ilyushin Il-76 crashed on approach to the airport there. Despite the international relief efforts, the earthquake zone is still considered a disaster zone, and rebuilding has been slow, with recovery hampered by the collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent war with Azerbaijan. [16], Waveform modeling established that the faulting originated at a depth of 5km (3.1mi) with the epicenter on the Alavar thrust fault on the slopes of the Lesser Caucasus mountains north of Mount Aragats. read more, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords, ["Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. Many children ended up being sent to the United States for medical treatment, staying there during their recovery until going back to Armenia. Hammer, known for his decades of work with the Occidental Petroleum Corporation, had spoken with Gorbachev prior to leaving and was carrying with him $1 million in relief funds. Rescue teams and medical supplies were immediately dispatched to Armenia from the United States, France, India, and Cuba. The negative effect the earthquake had on the economy of Armenia was apparent. Among these were the creation, in 1991, of the country's first Emergency Management Administration and the National Service for Seismic Protection. Leninakan, the. Innumerable apartment buildings and industrial facilities collapsed or faced heavy damage. Spitak-1988 - it's almost 30 thousand dead and more than 140 thousand disabled. When someone is trapped under tremendous weight from an earthquake or building collapse for upwards of four hours, they become susceptible to crush syndrome. Rescue work is currently still concentrating on finding any survivors, but hope is waning in Armenia which borders Turkey and Azerbaijan. The damage to industry and infrastructure is also disappointing. Mikhail Gorbachev was in New York on his first day of visits with Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush at the time of the earthquake, and once the scale of the disaster was realized, a quick departure was made back to Armenia, with the Kremlin formally asking for American help. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. On this day December 7 th, in 1988, an earthquake hit Spitak with a magnitude of 7.1, which destroyed the entire town, though much of this was blamed on the poor structural quality of many of the buildings. The two tremors, only minutes apart, were measured at 6.9 and 5.8 in magnitude and were felt as far away as Georgia, Turkey and Iran. Depression was highly comorbid with anxiety (62.0%) and PTSD (36.8%). Often, it took up to five hours to travel 46 miles in order to reach hospitals in Yerevan. Exactly 33 years ago - at 11:41 am on December 7, 1988 - a terrible category 9 earthquake on the Richter scale shook Armenia. The epicenter was in the city of Spitak and surrounding . Though the recurrence of seismic events in Armenia does not reach the high frequency that is seen in other segments of this zone, rapid crustal deformation there is associated with active thrust faulting and volcanic activity. Meanwhile, Gorbachev's government tried to distract people by shifting the blame for the earthquake's destruction onto former leader Leonid Brezhnev rather than address its own shortcomings. Uneven distribution of the seismic energy may have also contributed to the fluctuation in damage. December 7 marks the 33rd anniversary of the devastating earthquake in Spitak. [6][17], Some of the strongest shaking occurred in industrial areas with chemical and food processing plants, electrical substations, and power plants. Among them there are 600 km of highways, 230 industrial enterprises, 410 medical institutions. The Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, around 75km (47mi) from the epicenter, experienced only minor shaking and no damage occurred there, but was eventually closed for a period of six years due to vulnerability concerns. But Armenia is not historically devoid of seismic activity and has seen numerous devastating earthquakes. Spitak, a town of 25,000 inhabitants, has been completely destroyed and cannot be rebuilt - a new city will . There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external DCF77 time signal, and stored on magnetic tape. The quake, known as the Spitak earthquake, killed between 25,000 and 60,000 people, injured up to 130,000, and left more than 500,000 homeless. At least 259 aftershocks were recorded from December 22nd to January 1st, 1989. The damage extended across an area of over 50 miles in diameter, per BBC. In the three decades since Spitak, Armenia has taken some important steps toward disaster resilience. Upwards of 10,000 people were reported to have been killed, mostly by the resulting landslides. But the region had no historic record of seismic events above magnitude 5.7 and thus it had received little attention in seismic hazard studies. More than 25,000 people were reported dead from the earthquake and 130,000 were left injured. [17], December 1988 earthquake in Armenian SSR, USSR. The energy released in the . In support of the relief effort, recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake. Their injuries were minor, but one person did suffer a broken arm. The Spitak earthquake caused considerably destruction in Armenia and multiple deaths (according to official data, about 25 000). In pictures: 25th anniversary of Armenian earthquake, Commemorative coin from the Soviet Union - 3 Roubles 1989, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Armenian_earthquake&oldid=1119783775, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 11:28. The earthquake resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the destruction of many towns and cities. [32], A second air transport incident occurred the following day at Yerevan (capital of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) when an Antonov An-12 from Yugoslavia crashed, killing all seven crew on board. Then she says that the state of Azerbaijan became one of the first to send humanitarian aid even though ethnic . Red Cross flights brought materials from Eastern and Western Europe, and Britain sent firemen and rescue experts as well as two planes with more than 50 tons of food and medical supplies. Armenia is a small country about the size of Maryland that borders Turkey to the west, Iran to the south, Azerbaijan to the east and Georgia to the north. The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake (Armenian: , Spitaki yerkrasharj), occurred on December 7 at 11:41 local time with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating). Of the estimated 20,000 residents some 4,500 were killed in the earthquake. In June 1679, an earthquake with an epicenter in Garni yielded aftershocks that lasted until October and at least 1,228 people died in the village of Kanaker. Gorbachev was the last living Soviet leader following the death of Georgy Malenkov in 1988, and is the only one to have been born during the Soviet Union's existence. 1988 Armenian earthquake The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake ( Armenian: , Spitaki yerkrasharj ), occurred on December 7 at 11:41 local time with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X ( Devastating ). It was the strongest recorded earthquake in the Caucasus region in 1,000 years, the most destructive quake in the world since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China, and one of the most lethal of the 20th century. The world united with an outpouring of assistance for relief efforts, which was desperately needed. [37], Red tape inevitably held up some of the rescue efforts and criticism of the perceived flawed processes soon followed. While transporting some of these supplies to the region, a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel, and a transport plane from Yugoslavia, were both destroyed in separate incidents. Four minutes later, a magnitude 5.9 aftershock hit. Going westward the fault split into two branches, a north-dipping reverse fault (north branch) and a right slip fault (south branch), but neither produced surface rupture. Beginning with late 1987 the Caucasus region was experiencing a surge in political turmoil with large and near constant demonstrations being held in the capital of Yerevan beginning in February 1988. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. At that time 20 projects had completed the planning process and some had been approved and construction started. The earthquake left deep scars on the land, as well as on the lives of survivors. On December 11th, a Soviet cargo jet crashed as it reached the Leninakan airport, resulting in the deaths of 78 people. economy of the region was also in shambles, Journal of Emergency and Internal Medicine, The Earthquake of Spitak, Armenia, and Its Socio-economic Implications, Nagorno-Karabakh's annexation referendum in 1988, past their expiry date and therefore unusable. 10 DECEMBER 1988. Military troops were also dispatched by the Soviets, but since their training was in post-nuclear blast recovery efforts rather than earthquake relief, they were of little practical assistance. During his visit, Governor Colyer presented the Armenian Government with proclamations designating December 6, 2018, as Kansas-Armenia Partnership Day and December 7, 2018, as Spitak . Siranush Ghazanchyan December 7, 2021, 11:34. Thursday, November 8, 2018. Not subject to copyright protection within the United States. [24][25], The area where Armenia lies is of interest to seismologists and geologists because of the relatively early stage of continental collision occurring there and because the earthquake's strong aftershock sequence and significant surface faulting presented scientists with an environment to study reverse faulting. Private donations and assistance from non-governmental organizations also had a large part of the international effort. 1979 Morbi Damburst vs. 1988 Armenian earthquake -. Spitak, a town of 25,000 inhabitants, has been completely destroyed and cannot be rebuilt - a new city will have to be built over the wreckage. Tashir , Lori Province , Armenia. 7.8 magnitude earthquake. Private donations from the United States were also significant. However, during this period, the skies were dangerously crowded with planes coming in to supply aid. 1988 Spitak Earthquake Database The 1988 Spitak Earthquake database is an extensive collection of geophysical and geological data, maps, charts, images and descriptive text pertaining to the catastrophic earthquake in Armenia. I will never forget 11:41 local time when it happened. With the winter temperatures and domik windows made of cheap plastic instead of glass, sometimes people freeze to death during the night. The intensity of the earthquake in Spitak was X 'Devastating' on the Medvedyev-Sponheuer-Karnik-64 scale, with a death toll of 17% of the population; in Gumri it was IX-X 'Destructive', with. And with so many of the roads destroyed and blocked by rubble, by the time relief crews finally arrived, they were "too late to save many lives," per VAHS. [34] Rock Aid Armenia, also known in earlier stages as Live Aid Armenia, was a humanitarian effort by the British music industry to raise money to help those affected by the earthquake. An engineer with the team stated that the regulations for the area mandated that buildings be required to stand up against events measuring seven or eight on the twelve-degree MedvedevSponheuerKarnik scale. "The earthquake was severe. The earthquakes affected an area 80 km in diameter. The great majority of deaths were caused by buildings collapsing on occupants. Predictors distinguishing chronic depression included earthquake-related nuclear-family deaths (OR=3.79), chronic illnesses at baseline (OR=1.24 . In Gumri, one of the most devastated cities, 7% of the 250,000 population died, and approximately 50% of the city was destroyed. A geographically stratified subsample of 725 adults exposed to the Spitak earthquake was assessed for depression using DSM-III-R criteria in 1991 and 2012. . Other officials decided that the town would be relocated several kilometers to the southwest. Despite the fact that all necessary measures are being taken Mikhail Gorbachev believes that when a people is suffering, he has to be there and he himself has to lead the efforts. The quake came on the heels of Gorbachevs historic speech at the United Nations in which he called for an end to the Cold War and said that Soviet Troops would withdraw from Eastern Europe. Baxter International, an American health care company with headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois, designed and built a flying medical lab set up with 20 dialysis machines to be used with victims suffering from crush syndrome (trauma associated with building collapses), but were unable to get started for four days until the visas were available. Over 80% of the five-story buildings and over 85% of the nine-story buildings collapsed as a result. In Leninakan, there was a need for 18 new hospitals, 12 of which could be funded with the assistance of the republics of the Soviet Union, but foreign help would be required to build six additional facilities. "Boy in the Window" - a young boy outside a damaged home near Spitak, Armenia. In the days following the earthquake, the normally quiet airstrip was receiving up to 180 flights per day carrying food, medical supplies, and disaster management experts. Vahagn and his friends arrived in Gyumri to find the city in ruins. Almost 90% of schools were also lost. Ultimately, the 1988 Spitak earthquake demonstrated the inadequacies of the entire international humanitarian system. The final number of people who died reached 25,000. On the morning of Dec. 7, the mainshock hit, strongly shaking the region for 30 seconds. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; . The strength of the earthquake. [9], A team of earthquake and engineering experts from the United States spent a period of time in Armenia in December 1988 and January 1989. Spitak 2018 1 h 38 m IMDb RATING 5.8 /10 496 YOUR RATING Rate Action Drama Gor is trying to fly to Armenia from Moscow to search for his family stuck at the very epicentre of the earthquake. The 1988 Spitak Earthquake database is an extensive collection of geophysical and geological data, maps, charts, images and descriptive text pertaining to the catastrophic earthquake in Armenia. A population of 3.6 million lives in . Felt a quake? The newspaper Pravda complained that the lack of cranes meant that "seconds and hours are being lostthat means lives." Numerous sand boils were seen in the region northwest of Spitak including within 15m (49ft) of the failed embankment. Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the Spitak event, including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture . Nine crew and 69 military personnel were on board the plane that struck a helicopter in foggy conditions at the small airport that was overrun with rescue flights. The first well-documented case of liquefaction in gravelly sands was in regard to the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake in the United States. For all groups combined, the number of sibling deaths . The death toll in Gumri comprised 7% of the population and in Spitak 16%. Since the Spitak earthquake, Armenia has made efforts to study and monitor the countrys seismic activity and improve emergency preparedness. The tapes were then played back and the P-wave and S-wave arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. The Soviet estimate of the deaths in the Armenia Earthquake exceeds 25,000, but unofficial estimates put this figure at 2 to 3 times this number, making it one of the worst natural disasters of this century. 1988: Death toll rises in Armenian earthquake, 1961: Apartheid attacked at Nobel ceremony. Once there, Gor rushes through what's left from the town in search of his small house. Half of those funds were from World Vision International, a California-based relief and development umbrella organization and the other half were his own personal donation. Moving westward closer to the central segments though, a transition of the fault type was becoming apparent, where an almost equal distribution of reverse fault mechanisms was observed as the strike-slip type. The highway's embankment failed, and though the site was repaired immediately, the resulting damage to the highway caused considerable delay in getting people and supplies into and out of the area following the disaster. A quarter-century later, A.A. Nikonov (2003) generalized . He learned of the quake via a telegram from British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher describing the situation, conveying sympathy and offering aid. Zestap'oni , Imereti , Georgia. "[40], The Soviets and an American group of architects each devised separate outlines for rebuilding the town of Spitak. [41][42], The Tsaghkadzor earthquake on October 20, 1827, was centered about 50km (31mi) southeast of Spitak and had a maximum intensity of VIII on the MedvedevSponheuerKarnik scale. The Americans donated generously as well, with Washington dispatching eight official planeloads of official relief aid plus a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter from Italy. [16], The three cities closest to the fault rupture experienced different levels of damage. Many of those people who were injured during the earthquake died subsequently because of a lack of . According to Associated Press, the plane was carrying medical supplies and tragically all seven crew members died in the crash. Since most of the buildings had high seismic vulnerability, the newspaper Pravda attributed the scale of the destruction to the poor quality standards of buildings madeduring Brezhnev's term, according to EVN Report. Additionally, the AmeriCares Foundation of New Canaan, Conn., sent a plane with 45 tons of medical supplies. The database is static and is no longer being updated. The Spitak earthquake In 1988, a catastrophic earthquake struck Armenia with a death toll estimated to be over 25 000. The cost of rebuilding would be a severe obstacle for Perestroika, Gorbachev's plan for economic restructuring. Most bridges and tunnels and other public infrastructure withstood the earthquake but hospitals did not fare well. The country had no disaster contingency plans and rescue efforts were disorganized, which led to more deaths. What Really Happened With That Huge Earthquake In Armenia? At the Yerevan airport, western pilots reported a breakdown in air traffic control communications, with flight controllers not delivering the necessary flight navigation instructions, allowing for a critical lack of separation as foreign planes made their way into the area. At 11:41 a.m., the earthquake damaged nearly a third of the small country and destroyed the town of Spitak near the epicenter. It began when a reverse fault slipped, pushing one crustal block up relative to the adjacent block. Measuring 6.8 on the Richter Scale, the many poorly constructed Soviet buildings across the region sustained heavy damage or collapsed. For some, like Ara Tadevossian and his mother, there's a belief that it might have been tragically fortunate not to be rescued in the first few days, simply because everything had been destroyed and it might not have been possible to airlift people to safety earlier. The city of Leninakan, with 290,000 inhabitants, and the towns of Stepanavan and Kirovakan, were also heavily hit. Relief didnt just come from the U.S. India sent a 42-member medical team, France sent 200 rescue workers and doctors, Cuba sent blood donations and Pope John Paul II contributed $100,000. This was the first time the Soviet Union had accepted help from the U.S. government since World War II. Despite tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States as a result of the Cold War, according to The Washington Post, in response to the earthquake, the Soviet Union asked for and received aid from the United States. It was followed four minutes later by a magnitude-5.9 aftershock; together these quakes caused extensive damage across a 400-square-kilometer area. [15] During the earthquake, the northeast-facing side of the Spitak section rode up and over the southwest-facing side. 1939-12-26 23:57:23 UTC at 23:57 December 26, 1939 UTC Location: Epicenter at 39.771, . According to the Los Angeles Times, 130 factories were destroyed and at least 170,000 people were out of work. With average winter temperatures of 14 degrees Fahrenheit, residents in Gyumri have to use small portable stoves to keep warm. However, weather conditions made air evacuations of victims incredibly difficult, as did damage to railways and roads. The effects of the earthquake were absolutely devastating. 11 cities and 342 villages were affected. The city of Dvin was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 893 A.D., with casualties ranging from 30,000 to 70,000. At 11:41 a.m., the earthquake damaged nearly a third of the small country and destroyed the town of Spitak near the epicenter. Along with the collapse of the Trans-Caucasus electrical grid, Armenia was left with little-to-no heat and electricity for 1-2 hours a day, plunging Armenia into the "dark and cold years. 1979 Morbi Damburst vs. 1988 Armenian earthquake. The United States and the world responded with a rush of humanitarian aid. 1. bad) and 1988 (Spitak) earthquakes, together with lesser seismic events in between, caused over 160,000 deaths. By the time the Soviet Union collapsed, less than 20% of the lost housing had been rebuilt. Health minister Yevgeniy Chazov urged the creation of a governmental body to assist with disaster management. In several cases, relief teams ended up stuck in Moscow because officials simply didn't know where to send them. All the hospitals around Spitak were destroyed, and 80 percent of medical personnel were killed. Armenian and international foundations have been primarily responsible for building over 20,000 apartments since 1988. . Meanwhile, the first rescue teams didn't arrive until December 10, with chances of survival falling under 50% within six hours after an earthquake. The database contains practically all material relevant to the 1988 Spitak earthquake and its aftereffects. According to official government reports, the number of deaths due to the earthquake was approximately 25,000. Participants had been previously evaluated in 1991. At the time, the population was around 200,000, of which there were an estimated 15,000-17,000 fatalities. The 1988 earthquake which, 30 years ago tomorrow, destroyed the town of Spitak, and wrecked the city of Gyumri, killing more than 20,000 people in the North of Armenia. [38], In February 1989 one hundred construction workers were assembling temporary housing for themselves in Leninakan with a plan to start on the local population's housing by the end of the month, though schools and factories were also on the list of facilities to be rebuilt. The impact of the 1988 Spitak Earthquake. Volunteers from international countries left because of a collapsed infrastructure and lack of construction materials. [26], The epicenters of the recorded aftershocks formed a relatively narrow 50km (31mi) band. Spitak was almost completely demolished and the towns of Leninakan (Gyumri), Stepanavan, and Kirovakan (Vanadzor) were all greatly affected. This is a massive undertaking, and foreign involvement is both a necessary and a complicating factor. Earthquake engineering experts scrutinized building construction styles and found fault in the poorly constructed apartments and other buildings that were built during the Era of Stagnation under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev. This was a tragedy to which the whole world responded. In some of the cities, the loss of medical staff numbered between 70% to 80%. (DSRS and CPTSD-RI) and earthquake-related sibling death. Spitak Earthquake. [36] Japan sent a monetary gift of $9 million while Italy had plans to build a prefabricated village for the victims, and West Germany offered to send more than a dozen heavy cranes. The quake, known as the Spitak earthquake, killed between 25,000 and 60,000 . The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. America is sending medical aid and sniffer dogs capable of detecting survivors. Factors positively associated with depression score included number of stressful life events (95% CI 0.33, 1.20), poor self-rated health (95% CI 2.45, 5.40), earthquake-related deaths in the family (95% CI 0.12, 3.80), and strong phobia and fear at baseline (95% CI 0.51, 2.96). India has sent clothes and blankets while Britain is transporting excavating equipment. On Dec. 7, 1988, Armenia, which was then part of the Soviet Union, was struck by the strongest recorded earthquake in the Caucasus region in 1,000 years, and one of the most lethal of the 20th century. The relationship between the Soviet authorities and the Armenian society took a turn for the worse in March and the developments climaxed in November when a state of emergency was declared, along with a nighttime curfew, and a mass movement of up to 50,000 Armenians fleeing ethnic violence in events such as the Sumgait Pogrom arrived from Azerbaijan. The initial portion of work included nearly a full week setting up the seismometers and optimizing their operation and, with that complete, two full weeks of continuous operation was then completed with twenty six seismometers covering an area over 1,500km2. A song was produced by a duo of French composers (including Charles Aznavour) and a studio album that featured songs donated by mainstream rock bands was released from the Rock Aid Armenia effort by the British music industry. So many towns and villages were affected or destroyed. The new plan would deviate from Soviet styles that were found to be rigid and outdated and would mirror characteristics of the local culture. The story was quickly picked up by the international media, but it soon turned out that the story was fabricated by reporter Artyom Shahbazian in an effort to remind the international community of the disaster. Latest quakes in or near Spitak, Lori, Armenia, in the past 24 hours on Saturday, August 27, 2022. To industry and infrastructure is also disappointing and destroyed the town of Spitak near epicenter! Experienced different levels of damage the Window & quot ; - a young Boy outside a damaged home near,! 80 percent of medical personnel were killed in the past 24 hours on Saturday, August 27 2022! Moscow because officials simply did n't know where to send humanitarian aid comorbid with anxiety 62.0. In Yerevan of Dvin was completely destroyed and can not be rebuilt - a new spitak earthquake deaths will plans rescue. 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