factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria

THE FULANI CONQUEST AND RULE OF THE HAUSA KINGDOM 235 from 1804, the date of the Hegira. The British captured Kano in 1903. With these events, the daily routines of the royal court were . In the Eastern Region, appointed officials who were given "warrants" and hence called warrant chiefs, were strongly resisted by the people because they lacked traditional claims. The early Nigerian nationalist did not seek independence. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. The transfer of responsibility for budgetary management from the central to the regional governments in 1954 accelerated the pace of public spending on services and on development projects. The Norman conquest in 1066 was the last successful conquest of England. Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. At the same time, George Dashwood Goldie, a British businessman, bought out all French rivals and created the Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886) in order to control trade on the Niger and administer the immense territories of the Sokoto caliphate and Borno. During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the Action Group. A Hurst Publication. These recourses were considered a necessity to the industrialization of the world . The only significant interruption in economic development arose from natural disasterthe Great Drought of 191314. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. Between them, the French and the British had purchased a majority of the slaves sold from the ports of Edo. June 30, 2022 . Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition. By 1919 the National Council of British West Africa, an organization consisting of elites across West Africa, was demanding that half the members of the Legislative Council be Africans; they also wanted a university in West Africa and more senior positions for Africans in the colonial civil service. Aside from the possibility of treasure, the European governments aimed to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1315. To start with, European nations were motivated by economic factors arising from the industrial revolution which started in Britain and extended to other European countries such as Belgium, France and Germany (Hochschild, 158).They wanted cheaper mineral resources for their home industries claiming that resources were abundant in Africa for After initially adopting an indirect rule approach, in 1906 the British merged the small Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate into a new Colony of Southern Nigeria, and in 1914 that was combined with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. God, Gold, and Glory. Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. British colony and protectorate from 1914 to 1960, Contemporary photograph of the same building, now housing the, Developments in colonial policy under Clifford, Emergence of Southern Nigerian nationalism, Constitutional conferences in the UK (195758), All of this section to this point is from. The 1922 constitution provided Nigerians with the chance to elect a handful of representatives to the Legislative Council. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. These seven factors led to the development of the slave trade: The importance of the West Indian colonies The shortage of labour The. In 1890, a group of adventurers known as the Pioneer Column, sponsored by South African-based British arch-imperialist Cecil John Rhodes, occupied Zimbabwe and claimed the country for the British. [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. The Governor-General, in turn, was responsible for appointing the prime minister and for choosing a candidate from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. Afeadie, Philip Atsu. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. All these things which I have said the Fulani by conquest took the right to do now pass to the British. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. The British Conquest of Nigeria From about the mid nineteenth century, the British began to alter the nature of their relationship between themselves and Nigerians. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. The departure of Azikiwe and other Igbo members of the NYM left the organisation in Yoruba hands. Facebook Instagram Email. Lagos was annexed as a Crown Colony in 1861 via the Lagos Treaty of Cession.[30]. Lugard bequeathed to his successor a prosperous colony when his term as Governor-General expired. One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. [67], The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. In popular parlance, discussions of colonialism in Africa usually focus on the European conquests that resulted in the scramble for Africa after the Berlin Conference in the 19th century. The first factor to be taken into account is that the British by nature are conservative. The NPC captured 142 seats in the new legislature. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the regions. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,0002,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. When Faidherbe and his successors proceeded with their conquest of the hinterlands they met with strong and sustained resistance from a number of sources including the Moors, the Toucouleur Empire of Segou under Al Hajj Umar and the powerful Almamy . During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. In the north Frederick Lugard, the first high commissioner of Northern Nigeria, was instrumental in subjugating the Fulani emirs. In May of this year, Herbert J. Frederick Lugard, shortly before becoming High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria.[68]. [54] Olivier was a member of the Fabian Society and a friend of George Bernard Shaw. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive . Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. A spokeswoman for Austria's Weltmuseum Wien acknowledges 13 of its 173 Benin Bronzes "have been linked definitively to the British invasion" though eight were acquired in the 16th century . Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. The Colony was ultimately governed by the British Colonial Office in London. [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties.

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