sternocleidomastoid synergist and antagonist

Each sentence contains a compound Antagonist: Tibialis Anterior The scalenes are synergist muscles, or helper, muscles to the sternocleidomastoid. Bilaterally: cervical flexion, elevation of sternum and assists in forced inhalation. Kendall, Florence Peterson, McCreary, Elizabeth Kendall, and Provance, Patricia Geise. D. cognizant When acting alone it rotates to the opposite side (contralaterally) and slightly (laterally) flexes to the same side. Treatment of a shortened SCN involves gentle stretching of a tight SCM muscle to lengthen it to a normal shape. How did the United States respond to Jewish refugees after Kristallnacht? Synergist: Extensor carpi radialis longus, Action: Extends and adducts wrists Antagonist: gastrocnemius a. Levator scapulae b. Pectoralis minor c. Rhomboid d. Serratus anterior e. Trapezius, Which of the following muscles is a rotator cuff muscle? Excellent visuals! Click to see the original works with their full license. "5. (a) latissimus dorsi (b) pectoralis major (c) rhomboid (d) subclavius (e) trapezius. The positive effects of physical activity and exercise on almost all functions of the human body are widely acknowledged. The deep muscles of the neck, levator scapulae and middle scalene muscle are supplied by which nerve? Which of the following muscles is most active during medial rotation of the arm? The muscle allows the head and vertebrae to extend. The SCM inserts behind the ear at the mastoid process, a projection of the. Synergist: teres major, Action: Lateral rotation of humerus In this case, it lifts up the breastbone and the area of the collarbones that are nearest to the midline of the body. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in the production of body movements. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. (a) Brachialis (b) Pronator quadratus (c) Biceps brachii (d) Supinator. Bilaterally: Extend head and neck Innervation is when an organ or body part is supplied with nerves. [7], The sternocleidomastoid is within the investing fascia of the neck, along with the trapezius muscle, with which it shares its nerve supply (the accessory nerve). D. The sternocleidomastoid is the fixator and the splenius cervicis is the prime mover. Scalene Muscle Group Synergist: Sternocleidomastoid, Longus colli and capitis (b) The glenohumeral joint allows for movement in which dimensions? Some larger muscles are labeled. Which of the following muscles is used in breathing? Lateral surface of the mastoid process through a strong tendon, and to the lateral half of superior nucheal line through an aponeurosis. antagonist: quadriceps femoris muscles, synergist: adductor muscles Synergists (Neutralizers): Muscles that contract to assist the prime movers, either by: adding force to the movement and making it more refined Or . The SCM is a unique muscle, in terms of variations at its origin.4,5,6 Also, it has a variable innervations arrangement, the classical anastomotic pattern being observed in 50% of the cases.These anatomical details have a pivotal role in the planning of pedicle muscle flaps in reconstructive surgeries. Antagonist: Scalenes c) brachialis. Synergist: Masseter, Action: Wrinkles chin c. Spinalis. Synergist: Biceps brachii, Action: Pronates forearm Unilaterally: Rotation of head to the opposite side, lateral flexion of the neck on the same side load is the weight of the object. testreviewer. The accessory nerve nucleus is in the anterior horn of the spinal cord around C1-C3, where lower motor neuron fibers mark its origin. Which muscle acts as a synergist with pectorals minor during abduction of the scapula? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". It covers the anterior surface of the neck superficially. When both SCM muscles contract, the movements can include: Simultaneous bilateral SCM muscle contraction also plays a role in the breathing process. Muscles. Antagonist: extensor carpi ulnaris Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins. When they flied(3)\overset{\text{(3)}}{{\underline{\text{flied }}}}flied(3) from Los Angeles to Sydney, Australia, they arrived at a time that was nearly 323232 hours later than the time when they left. Synergist: Gracilis, Action: Prime mover of foot inversion They assist the SCM in turning and tilting both the head and neck. Sternocleidomastoid and the Scalenes are Synergists, which mean that they work together to provide the same movements (flexion, rotation and lateral flexion of the head and neck)An Antagonist. Synergist: Extensor hallucis longus, Action: Prime mover of toe extension antagonist; erector spinae, synergist: hamsting muscles Synergist: pectoralis major, Action: medial rotation of shoulder What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscles? The sternocleidomastoid muscles flex the neck and the splenius cervicis muscles extend it. Synergist: gluteus maximus, Action: extends knee and stabilizes it Anne Asher, ACE-certified personal trainer, health coach, and orthopedic exercise specialist, is a back and neck pain expert. C. Diaphragm. (I bought one thing for Dad. Anne Asher, ACE-certified personal trainer, health coach, and orthopedic exercise specialist, is a back and neck pain expert. Clavo-Trapezius, Acromio-Trapezius, Spino-Trapezius, Pectoralis Minor, Levator Scapulae, Serratus . However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Bilateral SCM muscle contraction thrusts the chin forward when your head is level. Antagonist: Supinator Our vessels consisted of six small canoes, and two large (1) pirogues. Antagonist: Extensor digitorium longus Antagonist: rhomboids An excellent book for those beginning the study of anatomy. What is the relationship between these muscles when bowing your head? The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) is an important landmark in the neck which divides it into an anterior and a posterior triangle. For example, the scalenes are synergist muscles to the sternocleidomastoids (SCM), because they help with turning and tilting the head and neck. It is shown that localized muscle pain can reorganize the EMG activity of synergists where no pain is present, and this findings may have implications for the understanding of manifestations seen in relation to painful musculoskeletal disorders. Synergist: flexor pollicis longus, Action: abducts hand The t-tubule meets with the sarcoplasmic reticulum at locations throughout the muscle fiber, at these locations the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions that results in the movement of troponin and tropomyosin on thin filaments. Synergist: Action: internal expiration by compressing ribs toward each other a. soleus b. tibialis anterior c. flexor digitorum longus d. gracilis e. extensor digitorum brevis, Which shoulder joint muscle is associated with humeral abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation? The absence of SCM cover may lead to complicated congenital neck hernias in children, in addition to functional limitations. They derive embryonically from the first and second pharyngeal arches. Antagonist: tensor fascia latae In the case of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, it is innervated by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI). An impairment or injury to the spinal accessory nerve can cause weakness or paralysis to the SCM. indirect object. They assist the SCM in turning and tilting both the head and neck. Upload your PDF on PubHTML5 and create a flip PDF like Seeleys essentials of anatomy physiology ( etc. Synergist muscles help other muscles perform one or more functions. Synergist: infraspinatus, Action: stabilizes scapula Which of the following does not attach to the corocoid process of the scapula? The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist and the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article). The signaling process to contract or relax the sternocleidomastoid begins in Cranial Nerve XI, the accessory nerve. A. rectus abdominis B. transversus abdominis C. erector spinae D. latissimus dorsi. Rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula, serratus anterior muscle, Latissimus dorsi, Pectoralis Major. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Antagonist: Extensor carpi ulnaris Origin: Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Synergist: deltoid, Action: lateral rotation of humerus Which of these muscles is located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body? All rights reserved. (a) Deltoid (b) Teres major (c) Infraspinatus (d) Coracobrachialis (e) Trapezius. Some studies have indicated a supernumerary cleido-occipital muscle more or less separate from the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. [8], The triangle formed by the clavicle and the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is used as a landmark in identifying the correct location for central venous catheterization. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. Synergist: transverse abdominis, Action: compresses abdominal contents a) Splenius capitis b) Semispinalis capitis c) Sternocleidomastoid d) Trapezius, What are attachments for these muscles, and their functions? Read the entire passage once to get a general idea of what it is about. E. The sternocleidomastoid is the synergist and the splenius cervicis is the fixator. English Edition. There are reports of a broad clavicular head splitting into multiple small muscular slips. The arrival times were so different because the airplanes cross(6)\overset{\text{(6)}}{{\underline{\text{cross}}}}cross(6) the International Date Line during the flights. 83% average accuracy. a) temporalis. (c) Transverse cervical. (a) Latissimus dorsi (b) Infraspinous (c) Supraspinous (d) Subscapularis. c) levator palpebrae superioris. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. What muscle is behind the sternocleidomastoid? Available from: T Hasan. Unilaterally: Elevate the scapula, downwardly rotate scapula, laterally flex the head and neck, rotate the head and neck, Spinous processes of all vertebrae except C-1, Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Antagonist: Biceps brachii antagonist: tensor fasciae latae, gluteal minimus, medius muscles, synergist: sartorius Antagonist: diaphram Accessory muscles of inhalation include? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Synergist: Masseter, Action: Flex & Rotate neck antagonist muscle that opposes the action of an agonist extension an increase in joint angle with movement fixator synergist that assists an agonist by preventing or reducing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist flexion a decrease in joint angle with movement insertion [2] It protects the vertical neurovascular bundle of neck, branches of cervical plexus, deep cervical lymph nodes and soft tissues of neck from damage [2 . Antagonist: Gluteus maximus The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". process of using agonist and synergist to dynamically move the joint into range of motion. Studies report that morphometric and cross-sectional area a-symmetry between SCM of two sides result from unequal growth in utero and play an important role in the genesis of tension type headache. d) buccinator. Antagonist: Masseter ). The glenohumeral joint receives extra support from the rotator cuff muscles. C. censure Synergist: Sartorious, Action: Powerful hip extensor 3 What is the antagonist muscle in elbow flexion? a. Abductor pollicis brevis b. Opponens pollicis c. Flexor pollicis brevis d. Extensor pollicis longus, Which of the following muscles is (only) responsible for scapular protraction, downward rotation, and depression? [2]. D. Pectoralis minor. The cervical plexus supplies sensation, including proprioception, from the ventral primary rami of C2 and C3.[5]. The SCM muscle helps turn and bend your neck. In the blank, insert the most appropriate word. Extension of the head and cervical spine when posterior fibers act bilaterally, 2. Action: Rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves laterally and upward; important in horizontal movements of arm (pushing and . The infrahyoid muscles are also part of a . (a) sternocleidomastoid (b) splenius capitis (c) semispinalis cervicis (d) scalenus anterior. Also, the muscle works with the scalene muscles in the neck during forced inspiration while breathing. This tent is in the Indian stile formed of a number of (8) dressed Buffaloe skins sewed together with sinues. c) medial pterygoid. The antagonist muscle, which is linked with the agonist muscle, restores the limb to its former posture after contraction. Which of the following muscles is most active during lateral rotation of the arm? Is this considered flexion or extension? LAB 5 Muscle I Axial Muscular System Objectives: To know the primary functions of the muscular system. Synergist or Antagonist DRAFT. Gives you the force to push the ball. Antagonist: abductor pollicis longus When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. KenHub. Introduction ; 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems ; 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles ; 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back ; 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax ; 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs ; 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs ; Key Terms In this regard we may refer to Sinohara's law of fusion which states that a muscle supplied by two different nerves is formed by fusion of two separate muscle masses. Synergist: flexor carpi radialis, Action: Arm abduction The fibers from the accessory nerve nucleus travel upward to enter the cranium via the foramen magnum. Internet Journal of Medical Update 2013; 8(2):62-64, Sternocleidomastoid muscle (highlighted in green) - anterior view image - Kenhub, Sternocleidomastoid muscle video - Kenhub, Gray, Henry. Synergist: Platysma, Action: Flexes neck forward when together Treatment for this involves strengthening exercises for the SCM muscle, and repair of the nerve if possible. The sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCM) help with functions such as head rotation, head tilt, pointing the chin toward the breastbone, and more. Synergist: Supinator, Action: Abducts and extends thumb Edit. antagonist: tensor fasciae latae and gluteal muscles, synergist: hamstring muscles, gracilis, gastrocnemius, and sartorius a. platysma b. occipitalis c. sternohyoid d. mylohyoid. Synergist: Supinator, Action: Extends and flares fingers Synergist: Gastrocnemius, Action:Flexes big toe B), Which large muscle has an attachment on the external occipital protuberance and extends the neck? chest press -> rotator cuff Antagonist . Finally, look up each word in the dictionary and record the definitions on the lines below. Upper region of medial border and superior angle of scapula. d. Splenius. Furthermore, they are components of the boundaries of the submental and submandibular triangles of the neck. a. teres major b. infraspinatus c. latissimus dorsi d. subscapularis, Which of the following muscles does not exert a force on the upper extremity during contraction? antagonist: erector spinae, synergist: external oblique, rectur abdominis The other head attaches to the top part (called the superior aspect) of the collarbone, near the midline of the body. The Internet Journal of Human Anatomy, 2010, Kaur D et al. a) Long head of biceps brachii b) Pectoralis minor c) Coracobrachialis d) Short head of biceps brachii. Cook, were still viewed by us with as much pleasure as those deservedly famed adventurers ever ( 2 ) beheld theirs; and I dare say with quite as much anxiety for their safety and preservation. Developmentally, these additional muscle slips indicate abnormal mesodermal splitting in posterior sixth branchial arch. The mutual links between muscle pain and resting electromyographic (EMG) activity are still controversial. a. Pectoralis minor b. Subscapularis c. Rhomboid d. Trapezius, Which of the following muscles has two heads? The two separate sternomastoid and cleidomastoid bellies further subdivide the anterior triangle into a supernumerary triangle. Occasionally, the lower portion of the SCM muscle is intercepted by tendinous intersections which indicate the origin of this muscle from different myotomes .The organizational pattern of the SCM can be arranged into five distinct topographical parts, namely the superficial sternomastoid, profound sternomastoid, sterno occipital, cleidomastoid and cleidooccipital parts which are arranged in superficial and deep layers. Nerve Supply: Cervical nerve 7. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Synergist: Gluteus maximus, Action: Medially rotates leg at thigh Synergists and Antagonists Synergists - are groups of muscles working together to cause movement Lateral flexion of the head and cervical spine when acting unilaterally Agonist is deltoid, antagonist is the latissimus dorsi. a) Temporalis b) Rectus abdominis c) Erector spinae d) Sternocleidomastoid e) Splenius capitis. shotty's jello shots vegan; stephanie cartel crew before surgery; what does not retained mean on job application; new restaurants coming to jacksonville nc 2022 Acromio-deltoid (Middle portion of deltoid) Action: Abducts humerus Synergist: Supra-spinatus Antagonist: Sartorious Pain was induced by injections of hypertonic saline . Other functions of the SCM include assisting in breathing, maintaining neck posture, and helping the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function. Which of the muscles is involved in the pronation of the forearm? Synergist: NA, Action: rotates and adducts scapula The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve. synergist and antagonist musclesnixon high school yearbooks synergist and antagonist muscles. Which of the following muscles is most active during extension of the arm/glenohumeral joint? A. Biceps brachii B. Brachialis C. Brachioradialis D. Triceps brachii, Which of the following muscles provides the greatest contribution to lateral rotation of the shoulder joint? Lower: Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, spine extensors, Upper: Rhomboids, neck flexors Flexion of the head and cervical spine when anterior fibers act bilaterally, 3. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The following passage is from a journal kept by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during their heralded exploration of the American West. Share and download Seeleys essentials of anatomy physiology ( etc.) Antagonist: Triceps brachii Synergist: NA, Action: Only flexor of distal phalanges However, as the state of mind in which we are, generally gives the (5) colouring to events, when the imagination is (6) suffered to wander into futurity, the picture which now presented itself to me was a most pleasing one. Other functions of the SCM include assisting in breathing, maintaining neck posture, and helping the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function. It travels superiorly, laterally, and posteriorly. The splenius captis is located on the lateral side of the C7. Anatomical Attachments: Origin: The Sternal head attaches to the manubrium of the sternum; the Clavicular head attaches to the medial third of the clavicle. for free. Learn the definition of an antagonist muscle and understand how it differs from an agonist muscle. a. Levator scapulae b. Pectoralis minor c. Rhomboid d. Serratus anterior e. Trapezius. . joint act as a fulcrum. The manubrium is the uppermost section of the breastbone. Synergist: serratus anterior, Action: Moves scapula towards chest wall We describe the main muscle that does an action as the agonist. More rarely, the adjoining margins of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are in contact. Antagonist: deltoid The movement of troponin and tropomyosin is key in facilitating the myosin head to move along the thin filament, resulting in a contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Antagonist: extensor carpi radialis longus Createyouraccount. The SCM continues on to attach to the mastoid bone. skeletal muscle is attached to bone at origin and insertion. antagonist: tensor fasciae latae, gluteal minimus, medius muscles, synergist: gastrocnemius Such cases represent the developmental defect of muscular agenesis and are diagnosed by Ultrasound or Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans. E. Scalenes. Abnormal head positioning in utero or difficult birth can lead to development of the compartment syndrome and congenital muscular torticollis sequela.Acquired SCM torticollis, can be post traumatic, myopathy induced, post infectious, drug induced, neurological or following sudden strenuous neck muscle activity. It is thick and thus serves as a primary landmark of the neck, as it divides the neck into anterior and posterior cervical triangles (in front and behind the muscle, respectively) which helps define the location of structures, such as the lymph nodes for the head and neck.[8]. The antagonist of the splenius capitis muscle is the Sternocleidomastoid. scalenes Synergist: Tibialis anterior, Action: Stabilizes trunk By Anne Asher, CPT Antagonist: Digastric Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. The platysma muscle is a superficial muscle of the human neck that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. Which of the following muscles is most active during flexion of the arm/glenohumeral joint? This muscle binds the skull to the sternum and clavicle. Protrusion-Retrusion involves the movements of _______ muscle. J. heretic Antagonist: pectoralis major The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles have the main part of their body attached to which of the following bone? Muscles and nerves MBLEx. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? A. sternocleidomastoid muscles B. scalene muscles C. pectoralis major D. masseter, Which muscle is directly superior to the trapezius? A. Vastus medialis B. Adductor magnus C. Rectus femoris D. Iliacus E. Sartorius. Which of the following muscle is found in the head? The sternocleidomastoid muscle flexes the neck and helps with movement of the head. Which of the following muscles extends the head on the neck? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. a. Anterior deltoid b. a) triceps brachii b) brachialis c) brachioradialis d) coracobrachialis e) anconeus, When the biceps brachii flexes, what is the antagonist? The muscle that is contracting is called. a. Frontalis b. Occipitalis c. Masseter d. Sternocleidomastoid e. Rectus Abdominis f. Pectoralis Minor g. Pectoralis Major h. Supraspinatus i. Infraspinatus j. Subscapularis, All of the muscles that move the glenohumeral joint have a distal attachment on the humerus, except one. Vascular supply: Muscular branches of the ascending Cervical artery. a. supraspinatus b. rhomboids c. deltoid d. infraspinatous. Synergist: Quadriceps, Action: Plantar Flexion 1 What is the synergist muscle for sternocleidomastoid? b) masseter. I. gravity The time in the first time zone east of the date line is 232323 hours earlier than the time in the first time zone to the west. Sternocleidomastoid is the most superficial and largest muscle in the front portion of the neck. What is the antagonist muscle in elbow flexion? Platysma - single sheetlike; covers anterolateral neck; Sternocleidomastoid - paired muscle; PRAYER MUSCLE A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a fixator. Sternocleidomastoid: a) used in chewing b) muscle of head or neck c) mandible d) cranium e) atlas f) muscle that move upper extremity g) suicide bags h) epiphysis i) cutaneous j) muscle that move lower extremity. Middle: Adduct the scapula, stabilize the scapula O pectoralis major O latissimus dorsi O deltoid O biceps brachii, Protrusion-Retrusion involves the movements of which muscle? Lower: Depress the scapula, upwardly rotate the scapula, Upper: Levator scapula, serratus anterior, SCM, Which of the following muscles is an elbow extensor? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Middle: Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior ibed_guidance published Seeleys essentials of anatomy physiology ( etc.) Which of the following is the term that describes the relation of brachioradialis to biceps brachii during forearm flexion? skeletal muscle contracts and pulls on bone. e) buccinator. a) Biceps brachii muscle b) Pronator teres c) Flexor carpi radialis d) Brachialis. Head and neck to opposite side, elevate the scapula, upwardly rotate the scapula On either side, the SCM diagonally divides the neck musculature into anterior (front) and posterior (back) triangles. Synergist muscles work along with agonist muscles to create motion analogous to or in conjunction with agonist muscles, allowing for a wide range of conceivable motions. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. roberta snider hartville ohio obituary la dissolution est une transformation chimique ou physique i would appreciate any feedback you can provide carbon nation tribe . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. When you take a deep bow, which of the following muscles do you use? About a dozen cases have reported complete unilateral absence of the muscle. Muscles that work like this are called antagonistic pairs. 1 Definition. Antagonist: Latissimus dorsi [3][4] The sternocleidomastoid is thick and narrow at its centre, and broader and thinner at either end. The supraclavicularis muscle arises from the manubrium behind the sternocleidomastoid and passes behind the sternocleidomastoid to the upper surface of the clavicle. 2 What are synergist muscles? d) lateral pterygoid. Churchill Livingstone. antagonist: quadriceps femoris muscles, synergist: soleus Torticollis. However, there are many common except ions end ing with -nse, such as suspense. Antagonist: Flexor carpi ulnaris A. Frontalis B. Lateral rectus C. Sternocleidomastoid D. Masseter E. Hyoglossus, Which of the muscles listed below initiates movement at the talocrural (ankle) joint? [3] When both sides of the muscle act together, it flexes the neck and extends the head. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The supraclavicularis muscle arises from the manubrium behind the sternocleidomastoid and passes behind the sternocleidomastoid to the upper surface of the clavicle. E. The. Which of these muscles is not the muscle of inspiration? Meanwhile, a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Which of the following muscles acts to protract the mandible? This can cause atrophy (shrinking) in the affected SCM and may cause difficulty in turning the head and bending the neck. Action: Flexes or rotates the head Synergist: None Antagonist: None. The form of a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that it can act more efficiently is called the: a. synergist b. agonist c. antagonist d. fixator e. secondary mover The muscles of ____ lie within the subcutaneous layer, originating on the fascia or bones of the _____ and inserting into the _____. 0. a. rhomboid major b. rhomboid minor c. trapezius d. serratus anterior, Which of the following posterior muscles is associated with shoulder joint adduction, extension, internal rotation, and horizontal abduction?

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