highest note on double bass

In the 1960s and 1970s bands were playing at louder volumes and performing in larger venues. Top, or first, bass is the highest pitched drum in the bass line and usually starts or ends phrases. One type of travel bass has a much smaller body than normal, while still retaining all of the features needed for playing. At a classical bass audition, the performer typically plays a movement from a J.S. However, the basic stroke on a drum produces just one of the many sounds a bass line can produce. A pedal tone can also be realized with a trill; this is particularly common with inverted pedals. Later metal genres including death metal use double kick drumming extensively often with blast beat techniques, whilst focusing on precision, 'endurance', 'speed' and 'rapid footwork'.[18]. [54], In 2014 NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. The drum, similar to the davul and long drum, is double-headed, rod tensioned and measures roughly 40 inches in diameter and 20 inches in width. There are also cases in instrumental accompaniment in which the root having been struck at the commencement of a measure, the ear feels it through the rest of the measure" (emphasis in original). The pizzicato style varies between different players and genres. For the company, see, Chemical element, symbol C and atomic number 6, Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon, Calculated from file global.1751_2008.csv in, Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, most abundant element in the Earth's crust, fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical", "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP", Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky", "Melting temperature of diamond at ultrahigh pressure", "On Graphite Transformations at High Temperature and Pressure Induced by Absorption of the LHC Beam", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, "Fullerene-related structure of commercial glassy carbons", "Toughest Stuff Known to Man: Discovery Opens Door to Space Elevator", "Heat and Free Energy of Formation of Carbon Dioxide and of the Transition Between Graphite and Diamond", "World of Carbon Interactive Nano-visulisation in Science & Engineering Education (IN-VSEE)", "Carbon Nanofoam is the World's First Pure Carbon Magnet", "Researchers Find New Phase of Carbon, Make Diamond at Room Temperature", "Need to Track Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe? To play this instrument, a person would strike the right side of the davul with a large wooden stick, while the left side would be struck with a rod. 1 and No. Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. [15], The music of Salome includes a system of leitmotifs, or short melodies with symbolic meanings. To the right there is a gigantic staircase, to the left, at the back, an old cistern surrounded by a wall of green bronze. The fingerboard is radiused using a curve, for the same reason that the bridge is curved: if the fingerboard and bridge were to be flat, then a bassist would not be able to bow the inner two strings individually. NASA's Got an App for That", "Online Database Tracks Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe", "Fire in the hole: After fracking comes coal", "Wonderfuel: Welcome to the age of unconventional gas", Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, "The Carbon Cycle, Climate, and the Long-Term Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning", "Voltatile Products from Carbonaceous Asteroids", 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000303)39:5<891::AID-ANIE891>3.0.CO;2-E, "Cyclic Polyhydroxy Ketones. [3], In the final scene of the opera, after Salome kisses Jochanaan's severed head, the music builds to a dramatic climax, which ends with a cadence involving a very dissonant unorthodox chord one measure before rehearsal 361. In the vapor phase, some of the carbon is in the form of dicarbon (C2). They are also expected to know the rhythmic patterns that are appropriate for different styles (e.g., Afro-Cuban). As far as the compressors are concerned, the authors performed two processing sessions, using a fast attack (0.5ms) in one case, and a slow attack (50ms) in the other. Ive found that student are much more confident when then first get to trace the element. [50], In 2015, a team at the North Carolina State University announced the development of another allotrope they have dubbed Q-carbon, created by a high energy low duration laser pulse on amorphous carbon dust. Bluegrass bassists often do a diatonic walkup or walkdown, in which they play every beat of a bar for one or two bars, typically when there is a chord change. This system is particularly useful for basslines that have a repeating pedal point such as a low D because once the note is locked in place with the mechanical finger the lowest string sounds a different note when played open. [11], Mary Garden's performance of the French version of Salome took place at the Oscar Hammerstein Opera in New York in 1909, in direct competition with the Met.[2]. Vintage bass drums are generally shallower than the current standard of 22 in 18 in (56cm 46cm). The English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote in 1947 a piano transcription of the closing scene of the opera, entitled "Schlu-Szene aus Salome von Richard StraussKonzertmige bertragung fr Klavier zu zwei Hnden" ("Final Scene from Salome by Richard Strauss Concert Transcription arranged for Piano, two hands"). Reisberg, Horace (1975). Lundstrom, Hakan and Tavan, Damrong, "Kammu Gongs and Drums (II): The Long Wooden Drum and Other Drums. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentits atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. While the violin, viola, and cello all use friction pegs for tuning adjustments (tightening and loosening the string tension to raise or lower the string's pitch), the double bass has metal machine heads and gears. Solo tuning strings can be tuned down a tone to play in orchestra pitch, but the strings often lack projection in orchestral tuning and their pitch may be unstable. Anxious, Marie tries to hurry on but Wozzeck detains her. The vibrational energy of the strings must somehow be transferred to the surrounding air. Carbon black is also used as a filler in rubber products such as tyres and in plastic compounds. The double bass is generally regarded as a modern descendant of the string family of instruments that originated in Europe in the 15th century, and as such has been described as a bass Violin. Well-known allotropes include graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon and fullerenes. In the 19th century, the opera conductor, composer, and bassist Giovanni Bottesini was considered the "Paganini of the double bass" of his time, a reference to the violin virtuoso and composer. The pedal and beater system are mounted in a metal frame and like the hi-hat, a tension unit controls the amount of pressure needed to strike and the amount of recoil upon release. It does not react with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine or any alkalis. Although the safest way to recognize a chord's root is, after having reduced the chord to close spacing, to rearrange it as a stack of thirds, there are shortcuts to this: in inverted triads, the root is directly above the interval of a fourth, in inverted sevenths, it is directly above the interval of a second. During Rossini's stay in London in the summer of 1824, he composed his popular Duetto for cello and double bass for Dragonetti and the cellist David Salomons. The materials most often used in double bass construction for fully carved basses (the type used by professional orchestra bassists and soloists) are maple (back, neck, ribs), spruce (top), and ebony (fingerboard, tailpiece). If the soundpost falls, a luthier is needed to put the soundpost back into position, as this must be done with tools inserted into the f-holes; moreover, the exact placement of the soundpost under the bridge is essential for the instrument to sound its best. Players are put at the heart of their very own gangster movie, and let loose in a fully-realised 3 dimensional city with a cast of hundreds, 50 plus vehicles, ranging from sports cars to ice cream trucks and from boats to buses, 3 hours of music, including opera, reggae, house, drum and bass, pop and disco, and a huge array of street ready weapons. WebBritish Columbia is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean and the American state of Alaska, to the north by Yukon and the Northwest Territories, to the east by the province of Alberta, and to the south by the American states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.The southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, although Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book", some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. Some 2010-era lower- to mid-priced basses are made of willow, student models constructed of Fiberglass were produced in the mid-20th century, and some (typically fairly expensive) basses have been constructed of carbon fiber. In addition to being a noted classical player, Edgar Meyer is well known in bluegrass and newgrass circles. [112], There are three types of natural graphiteamorphous, flake or crystalline flake, and vein or lump. While the double bass is nearly identical in construction to other violin family instruments, it also embodies features found in the older viol family. Carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting carboncarbon bonds, a property that is called catenation. The string bass is the most commonly used bass instrument in bluegrass music and is almost always plucked, though some modern bluegrass bassists have also used a bow. For example, Gilman's labels tend to be abstract (such as "Yearning", "Anger", and "Fear"),[17] while Otto Roese's are more concrete (he called Gilman's "Fear" leitmotif "Herod's Scale"). This makes them hypercoordinate but not hypervalent. Thus a typical voicing by a chord-playing musician for a G7 chord would be the notes B and F (the third and flat seventh of the chord), along with the notes A and E (the ninth and thirteenth of the G7 chord). American thrash metal band Slayer's former drummer Dave Lombardo was named "the godfather of double bass" by the magazine Drummerworld. When the signal level is below the threshold, no processing is performed and the input signal is passed, unmodified, to the output. Vibrato is used to add expression to string playing. To ensure the bass is in tune, some bassists use an electronic tuner that indicates pitch on a small display. Peak loudness might be the samemeeting the letter of the lawbut high compression puts much more of the audio in the commercial at close to the maximum allowable, making the commercial seem much louder.[20]. Usually, bass performance students perform several recitals of solo double bass music, such as concertos, sonatas, and Baroque suites. Nevertheless, even the most polar and salt-like of carbides are not completely ionic compounds.[99]. In funk, blues, reggae, and related genres, the double bass is often amplified. This is the normal internal signal routing in common combination devices marketed as compressor-limiters, where an RMS compressor (for general gain control) is followed by a fast peak-sensing limiter (for overload protection). The late Jeff Sarli, a blues upright bassist, said that "Starting in the 1950s, they began to reset the necks on basses for steel strings. [5] Fugues often conclude with figures written over a bass pedal point:[6]. Contrary to science, in industry "amorphous" refers to very small crystal size rather than complete lack of crystal structure. Examples of three-part structure include Salome's attempt to seduce Narraboth, in order to get him to let her see Jochanaan. [3], Bass drums are also highly visible in modern drum kits. In the 1980s and 1990s, colleges and universities began to introduce diplomas and degrees in jazz performance. This enables the bassist to raise or lower the height of the strings to accommodate changing humidity or temperature conditions. The final scene is frequently heard as a concert-piece for dramatic sopranos. Their U.S. debut, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Music Interludes by London Double Bass Ensemble, Janek Academy of Music and Performing Arts, List of contemporary classical double bass players, Bach: Unaccompanied Cello Suites Performed on Double Bass, List of historical classical double bass players, "Ludwig-van.com The Octobass Is An Instrument Capable of Playing Below Human Hearing Range", "Chamber music in the Vienna Double Bass Archive", "A Brief History of the Double Bass, Lawrence Hurst, Professor of Double Bass, School of Music, Indiana University", Article on bass strings by the Double Bass Workshop, "The Evolution of Double Bass, Acoustic, and Electric Bass Strings", Three-string double bass in the cobla band, "How to Tame Annoying Howling Wolf Tones / CARE & MAINTENANCE / Instruments / All Things Strings", "Versuche zur Entstehung des Wolfs bei Violininstrumenten", Official website of L'Orchestre de Contrebasses, "Bass Instinct Live in Vienna by none on DVD", "The London Double Bass Sound: Gary Karr, Ernest Bloch, Paul Desmond, Edward "Duke" Ellington, Jerome Kern, John & Paul McCartney Lennon, Niccolo Paganini, Cole Por", "Wacker Consort and Northwestern Music Faculty to Perform", "Charles Mingus -A musician beyond category", Looming Large: What's a cello got to do with a famous fiddler's tale? Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. For instance, the root of a triad such as C Major is C, independently of the vertical order in which the three notes (C, E and G) are presented. The concept of chord root is not the same as that of the fundamental of a complex vibration. The first 8 bars are without side-chaining applied, the second 8 are with side-chaining. For a longer list, see the List of contemporary classical double bass players. [56] Since the mass of the earth is 5.9721024kg, this would imply 4360 million gigatonnes of carbon. [12] A bass drum pedal operates much the same as the hi-hat control; a footplate is pressed to pull a chain, belt, or metal drive mechanism downward, bringing a beater or mallet forward into the drumhead. [117] Most commercially viable diamond deposits were in Russia, Botswana, Australia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sardar, Marika. Athol Guy of the Australian folk/pop group The Seekers plays an upright bass. This is applicable especially in DXing. [128] Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for high pressure experiments (see diamond anvil cell), high-performance bearings, and limited use in specialized windows. David A. Jaffe's "Who's on First? After Salome inquires into his promise, and he swears to honor it, she prepares for the "Dance of the Seven Veils". Carbides of silicon, tungsten, boron and titanium, are among the hardest known materials, and are used as abrasives in cutting and grinding tools. Most bassists use soft cases, referred to as gig bags, to protect the instrument during transport. "Slap style" may have influenced electric bass guitar players[citation needed] who, from the mid-sixties (particularly Larry Graham of Sly and the Family Stone), developed a technique called slap and pop that used the thumb of the plucking hand to hit the string, making a slapping sound but still letting the note ring, and the index or middle finger of the plucking hand to pull the string back so it hits the fretboard, achieving the pop sound described above. [30], Five signal descriptors were considered: RMS power, EBU R 128 integrated loudness,[18] crest factor, R 128 LRA,[19] and density of clipped samples. [109] Some iron again was left, which the French scientists thought was necessary to the graphite structure. [118] By 2005, Russia produced almost one-fifth of the global diamond output (mostly in Yakutia territory; for example, Mir pipe and Udachnaya pipe) but the Argyle mine in Australia became the single largest source, producing 14 million carats in 2018. New California laws will create 4 million jobs, reduce the states oil use by 91%, cut air pollution by 60%, protect communities from oil drilling, and accelerate the states transition to clean Earlier designs were based on a feedback layout where the signal level was measured after the amplifier. The essential tech news of the moment. It is in this sense that one speaks of a "C chord" or a "chord on C"a chord built from C and of which the note (or pitch) C is the root. The double bass's proportions are dissimilar to those of the violin and cello; for example, it is deeper (the distance from front to back is proportionally much greater than the violin). While providing tighter peak level control, peak level sensing does not necessarily relate to human perception of loudness. 24. It has been called "the most sickening chord in all opera", an "epoch-making dissonance with which Strauss takes Salometo the depth of degradation", and "the quintessence of Decadence: here is ecstasy falling in upon itself, crumbling into the abyss". In popular music genres, the instrument is usually played with amplification and almost exclusively played with the fingers, pizzicato style. In the Classical era, the double bass typically doubled the cello part an octave below, occasionally requiring descent to C below the E of the four-string double bass. Similarly, in a rock or blues band, auditionees may be asked to play various rock or blues standards. Many 19th century and early 20th century bassists considered these compositions unplayable, but in the 2000s, they are frequently performed. 1 and 2; Stravinsky's Pulcinella; Shostakovich's Symphony No. The downside is that frequency-specific compression is more complex and requires more processing capacity than full-bandwidth compression and can introduce phase issues.[29]. While a large trade in both types of diamonds exists, the two markets function dramatically differently. "The Vertical Dimension in Twentieth-Century Music". During the same time, a prominent school of bass players in the Czech region arose, which included Franz Simandl, Theodore Albin Findeisen, Josef Hrabe, Ludwig Manoly, and Adolf Miek. In 1996, the Sorbonne-trained Lebanese composer Karim Haddad composed Ce qui dort dans l'ombre sacre ("He who sleeps in the sacred shadows") for Radio France's Presence Festival. Salome remains firm in her demand for Jochanaan's head, forcing Herod to accede to her demands. A disjointed, sinister conversation follows until, as the moon rises, blood-red, Wozzeck draws a knife. The main notes are either played normally or by pulling the string away from the fingerboard and releasing it so that it bounces off the fingerboard, producing a distinctive percussive attack in addition to the expected pitch. Individually, the drums are usually tuned higher than other bass drums (drum set kick drums or orchestral bass drums) of the same size, so that complex rhythmic passages can be heard clearly and articulated. Loudness differences are a frequent source of audience complaints, especially TV commercials and promos that seem too loud. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. However, at very high temperatures diamond will turn into graphite, and diamonds can burn up in a house fire. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. In one scene, "The Phone Booth", Herrmann "uses the timpani playing a low pedal B-flat to create a sense of impending doom", as one character is arranging for another character's murder. WebAbout Our Coalition. For the double drum pedal, see. There are not degrees in blues bass performance, or conservatories offering multiple-year diplomas in rockabilly bass. WebWeb analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of web data to understand and optimize web usage. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. In classical training, the majority of the instruction for the right hand focuses on the production of bowing tone; little time is spent studying the varieties of pizzicato tone. CarbonSuper Stuff. The frog of the double bass bow is usually made out of ebony, although snakewood and buffalo horn are used by some luthiers. [20] Proponents of the use of German bow claim that the German bow is easier to use for heavy strokes that require a lot of power. [90][91] Cyanide (CN), has a similar structure, but behaves much like a halide ion (pseudohalogen). The soundpost and bass bar are components of the internal construction. Carbon in the biosphere has been estimated at 550gigatonnes but with a large uncertainty, due mostly to a huge uncertainty in the amount of terrestrial deep subsurface bacteria. [16] In addition to the leitmotifs, there are many symbolic uses of musical color in the opera's music. [citation needed]. Having a louder sound is often considered an advantage in commercial broadcasting. Not for dummies. There is a method commonly used to tune a double bass in this context by playing the A harmonic on the D string (which is only an octave below the oboe A) and then matching the harmonics of the other strings. [78] When massive stars die as supernova, the carbon is scattered into space as dust. In Hungarian, the double bass is called nagybg, which roughly translates as "big crier", referring to its large voice. The mallet shaft bottom should be flush against the bottom part of the hand when playing, differing from other grips typical to percussion instruments. The most prominent oxide is carbon dioxide (CO2). When she hears Jochanaan cursing her mother (Herodias), Salome's curiosity is piqued. Turns can take place either in unison, or rippled for a different effect. The kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit, which is much smaller than the above-mentioned bass drum. Different beaters have different effects, and felt, wood and plastic ones are all popular. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon&oldid=1119513190, Chemical elements with hexagonal planar structure, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [6], Salome was first performed at the Knigliches Opernhaus in Dresden on 9 December 1905, and within two years, it had been given in 50 other opera houses.[4]. This is a vigorous version of pizzicato where the strings are "slapped" against the fingerboard between the main notes of the bass line, producing a snare drum-like percussive sound. WebGuitar tunings are the assignment of pitches to the open strings of guitars, including acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and classical guitars. Classical bass students learn all of the different bow articulations used by other string section players (e.g., violin and cello), such as dtach, legato, staccato, sforzato, martel ("hammered"-style), sul ponticello, sul tasto, tremolo, spiccato and sautill. [11] The latter, from the album Giant Steps, has the notation "E pedal" to instruct the bass player to play a sustained pedal. Pedal points are also used in other polyphonic compositions to strengthen a final cadence, signal important structural points in the composition, and for their dramatic effect. Professional bassists are more likely to have adjustable bridges, which have a metal screw mechanism. When writing solo passages for the bass in orchestral or chamber music, composers typically ensure the orchestration is light so it does not obscure the bass. For example, graphite can be oxidised by hot concentrated nitric acid at standard conditions to mellitic acid, C6(CO2H)6, which preserves the hexagonal units of graphite while breaking up the larger structure.[24]. For a very long passage there is not only no modulation but no change of chord. A drone differs from a pedal point in degree or quality. Slightly larger sextets written for piano, string quartet, and double bass have been written by Felix Mendelssohn, Mikhail Glinka, Richard Wernick, and Charles Ives. Some higher-priced padded cases have wheels attached to the case. Notable rockabilly revivalists and psychobilly performers from the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century include Scott Owen (from the Australian band The Living End), Jimbo Wallace (from the US band Reverend Horton Heat), Kim Nekroman (Nekromantix), Patricia Day (HorrorPops), Geoff Kresge (Tiger Army, ex-AFI). In many compressors, the attack and release times are adjustable by the user. The use of only the top three strings was popular for bass soloists and principal bassists in orchestras in the 19th century, because it reduced the pressure on the wooden top of the bass, which was thought to create a more resonant sound. [89] Through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate ions are produced. [82] Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The metal cylinder has a screw and a nut that fastens the device to the string. Setting a check-point can help. Thus, when double bass players and cellists are playing from a combined bass-cello part, as used in many Mozart and Haydn symphonies, they will play in octaves, with the basses one octave below the cellos. Since piezoelectric pickups are not good at reproducing the sounds of strings being slapped against the fingerboard, bassists in these genres often use both piezoelectric pickups (for the low bass tone) and a miniature condenser mic (to pick up the percussive slapping sounds). [51] Another bluegrass method, Learn to Play Bluegrass Bass, by Earl Gately, also teaches bluegrass slap bass technique. [3] This drum, which was 70-100 centimetres in diameter and deep-shelled, was similar to the long drum in both size and construction. [3] Most orchestral bass drums are situated within a frame, which allows them to be positioned at any angle. The crystallographic structure and mechanical properties of the fiber depend on the type of starting material, and on the subsequent processing. The Austrian premiere was given at the Graz Opera in 1906 under the composer, with Arnold Schoenberg, Giacomo Puccini, Alban Berg, and Gustav Mahler in the audience. After 1970, Billy Cobham and Narada Michael Walden used double kick drum with the jazz fusion project Mahavishnu Orchestra, Chester Thompson with Frank Zappa and Weather Report, Barriemore Barlow with Jethro Tull, and Terry Bozzio with Frank Zappa. After the first stroke, the pedal will naturally bounce back, hit the toe as it slides upwards, and rebound for a second strike. The German bow (sometimes called the Butler bow) is the older of the two designs. [46] But due to a high activation energy barrier, the transition into graphite is so slow at normal temperature that it is unnoticeable. Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled safely in the form of graphite or charcoal. The double bass features many parts that are similar to members of the violin family, including a wooden, carved bridge to support the strings, two f-holes, a tailpiece into which the ball ends of the strings are inserted (with the tailpiece anchored around the endpin mount), an ornamental scroll near the pegbox, a nut with grooves for each string at the junction of the fingerboard and the pegbox and a sturdy, thick sound post, which transmits the vibrations from the top of the instrument to the hollow body and supports the pressure of the string tension. The first person to use and popularize the double bass drum setup was jazz drummer Louie Bellson,[17] who came up with the idea when he was still in high school. Rotational transitions of various isotopic forms of carbon monoxide (for example, 12CO, 13CO, and 18CO) are detectable in the submillimeter wavelength range, and are used in the study of newly forming stars in molecular clouds. In this situation, the heads may be adjusted to any position between vertical and horizontal. Large amorphous graphite deposits are found in China, Europe, Mexico and the United States. To avoid overmodulation, broadcasters in most countries have legal limits on instantaneous peak volume they may broadcast. One thing to note, there is a bass button on the speaker and it definitely improves the bass, but look on to the next paragraph to make the bass even better. Dragonetti frequently played on a three string double bass tuned GDA from top to bottom. Terry Plumeri is noted for his horn-like arco fluency and vocal-sounding tone. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. Carbon fibers made from PAN have structure resembling narrow filaments of graphite, but thermal processing may re-order the structure into a continuous rolled sheet. As Jochanaan is returned to the well, he preaches salvation through the Messiah. chords of stacked fourths) may not be amenable to the concept of root, although in practice, in a lead sheet, the composer may specify that a quartal chord has a certain root (e.g., a fake book chart that indicates that a song uses an Asus4(add7) chord, which would use the notes A, D, G. Even though this is a quartal chord, the composer has indicated that it has a root of A.).

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