liquid fuel composition

FM11this is the reaction products of C8-C18 fatty acids and C18 unsaturated fatty acids with diethanolamine and propylene oxide (as disclosed in WO2010/05720). 5b. 13/103,905 entitled "Method for Biomass Fractioning by Enhancing Thermal Conductivity" and co-owned Patent Application No. The TBN may be at most 300 mg.KOH/g, preferably at most 250 mg.KOH/g. The fact that there are few alternatives to petroleum for aviation fuel adds urgency to the search for alternatives. Certain embodiments can operate with supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical water, supercritical methane, supercritical methanol, or mixtures of the above. Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating oils may be conveniently used in the lubricating oil composition, for example, the Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating oils disclosed in EP-A-776959, EP-A-668342, WO-A-97/21788, WO-00/15736, WO-00/14188, WO-00/14187, WO-00/14183, WO-00/14179, WO-00/08115, WO-99/41332, EP-1029029, WO-01/18156 and WO-01/57166. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. 2.3 7 depicts a comparison gas chromatogram of the fuel components of the present invention versus 89 octane commercially available gasoline. In some embodiments, the temperature profiles are linear ramps ranging from 0.001C/sec to 1000C/sec, and from 1C/sec to 100C/sec. from a bio-oil feedstock utilizing a hydro-treatment process for the bio-oil. The one or more poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivative having a terminal acid group may be obtained by reaction of a poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) as defined above with: a compound having a group reactive with the terminal carboxylic acid group of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) and a terminal acid group selected from carboxylic acid, carboxymethyl, sulphate, sulphonate, phosphate and phosphonate; a precursor of the terminal acid group; or. Other lubricity enhancers are described in the patent literature, in particular in connection with their use in low sulphur content diesel fuels, for example in: It may also be preferred for the diesel fuel composition to contain an anti-foaming agent, more preferably in combination with an anti-rust agent and/or a corrosion inhibitor and/or a lubricity enhancing additive. One possible solution which has received more media coverage than others would be blending synthetic fuel derived from algae with existing jet fuel:[56], Solazyme produced the world's first 100 percent algae-derived jet fuel, Solajet, for both commercial and military applications. Very low temperature freezing points reduce the availability of fuel. No. Feedstock characterisation results showed that PKS and PP were able to produce sustainable liquid fuel and . 3,996,059, U.S. Pat. In formula (VI), n is preferably in the range of from 8 to 24 and m is preferably in the range of from 16 to 48. An embodiment featuring a biofractioning process is shown in Figs. Suitable detergent additives include those disclosed in WO2009/50287, incorporated herein by reference. Products 1-18 were tested using a modified HFRR (ISO 12156) method to allow testing in gasoline. The gasoline compositions herein can also comprise a detergent additive. Natural Gas Composition and Specifications. EffecTech is pleased to announce the publication of a new case study by EURAMET - The European Association of National Metrology Institutes about EffecTech's Butanol is an alcohol which can be used as a fuel in most gasoline internal combustion engines without engine modification. 5,888,376 and U.S. Pat. The amount of fourth fuel component in kerosene composition is at least 0.1 % volume by total volume kerosene. Typically, the olefinic hydrocarbon content of the gasoline is in the range of from 0 to 40 percent by volume based on the gasoline (ASTM D1319); preferably, the olefinic hydrocarbon content of the gasoline is in the range of from 0 to 30 percent by volume based on the gasoline, more preferably, the olefinic hydrocarbon content of the gasoline is in the range of from 0 to 20 percent by volume based on the gasoline. The cars were run on additised fuel containing detergent package, friction modifier and viscosity control additive. Optionally anti valve seat recession additives may be used such as sodium or potassium salts of polymeric organic acids. It is a common liquid rocket fuel for rocket applications and can be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine or fuel cell. The interesterification of the hydroxycarboxylic acid and the non-hydroxycarboxylic acid chain terminator may be effected by heating the starting materials, optionally in a suitable hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene or xylene, and azeotroping off the formed water. When the pre-distillation material is subjected to dehydration with 3A zeolite, Fig. For other uses, see, Typical physical properties for Jet A and Jet A-1, Fort LauderdaleHollywood International Airport, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, "Ministry of Defence Standard 91-91: Turbine Fuel, Kerosine Type, Jet A-1", "Summary of Debriefing of German pilot Hans Fey", "World Jet Fuel Specifications with Avgas Supplement: 2005 Edition", "Performance of JP-8 Unified Fuel in a Small Bore Indirect Injection Diesel Engine for APU Applications", "Resource Guide To Aircraft Fire Fighting & Rescue", "Fuel-quality evaluation requires pilot vigilance", Aircraft Serious Incident Investigation Report, "Shell Fuels Technical Data Sheet - F-44", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 1, Page 1-4", Planemakers challenged to find unleaded fuel option - The Wichita Eagle, "ASTM D7566 - 20a Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons", "Fuel Property, Emission Test, and Operability Results from a Fleet of Class 6 Vehicles Operating on Gas-To-Liquid Fuel and Catalyzed Diesel Particle Filters", "Comparison of PM Emissions from a Commercial Jet Engine Burning Conventional, Biomass, and FischerTropsch Fuels", "Argonne GREET Publication: Life Cycle Analysis of Alternative Aviation Fuels in GREET", "Corporan, E et al. 4,349,389 discloses poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide derivatives with amines such as 3-dimethyl-aminopropylamine, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) having a molecular weight (MW) greater than 500 as dispersing agent in the preparation of a dispersible inorganic pigment composition. No. wherein R2, R3 and R4 may be selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups such as methyl. In order to accomplish this devolatilization in a selective manner, the temperature treatment is accompanied by a pressure treatment. No oil top ups were permitted. For example, the acid may be generalised by the formula R(COOH)x where x represents an integer and is 1 or more such as 1, 2, 3 or 4, and R represents a hydrocarbyl group having from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and which is mono or polyvalent corresponding to the value of x, the COOH groups, when more than one is present, optionally being substituent on different carbon atoms from one another. The (active matter) concentration of any dehazer in the diesel fuel composition will preferably be in the range from 0.1 to 20 ppmw, more preferably from 1 to 15 ppmw, still more preferably from 1 to 10 ppmw, and especially from 1 to 5 ppmw. The percentage change in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measurement between pre and post sump dosing are shown in the Table below with the data expressed as an average of the test conditions for ease of comparison. A detergent in a fuel composition aids performance by cleaning the internal parts of an engine during use and reducing engine deposits. It has a very low freezing point of 60C (76F), and a low flash point as well. If the terminal acid group is in the form of a salt, it is can conveniently be formed by the reaction of the terminal acid in the free acid form with a base, for example, with ammonia, organic bases such as amines and aminoalcohols, and inorganic bases. Further customary additives for use in gasolines are corrosion inhibitors, for example based on ammonium salts of organic carboxylic acids, said salts tending to form films, or of heterocyclic aromatics for nonferrous metal corrosion protection; antioxidants or stabilizers, for example based on amines such as phenyldiamines, e.g. Materials and Methods. Further preferred additives comprising monoamino groups (A1) are the compounds obtainable from polyisobutene epoxides by reaction with amines and subsequent dehydration and reduction of the amino alcohols, as described in particular in DE-A-196 20 262. [67] Around 30% of the worldwide consumption of jet fuel is in the US (1,398,130 barrels/day in 2012). We don't collect information from our users. Test additive concentration in the lubricant after 10,000 miles was determined by either GCgas chromatography (PAO5) or NMR (CH-2C and CH-5). t-butanol, i-butanol, hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, 2-propyl heptanol, decanol, isotridecanol, butyl glycols, and alcohol mixtures such as those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark LINEVOL, especially LINEVOL 79 alcohol which is a mixture of C7-9 primary alcohols, or a C12-14 alcohol mixture which is commercially available). E10 and E5. It has somewhat higher volatility than Jet A-1 (flash point is 28C (82F) minimum). The octane number is an empirical measure of the resistance of gasoline to combusting prematurely, known as knocking. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have a flash point higher than 38C (100F), with an autoignition temperature of 210C (410F). In Russia and the CIS members, grades of jet fuels are covered by the State Standard (GOST) number, or a Technical Condition number, with the principal grade available being TS-1. The dehazer should be used in an amount sufficient to inhibit the hazing that might otherwise occur when the gasoline without the dehazer contacts water, and this amount will be referred to herein as a haze-inhibiting amount. Generally, this amount is from about 0.1 to about 20 ppmw (e.g. Density is measured by an instrument called hydrometer. General health hazards associated with exposure to jet fuel vary according to its components, exposure duration (acute vs. long-term), route of administration (dermal vs. respiratory vs. oral), and exposure phase (vapor vs. aerosol vs. raw fuel). Resistance changes were measured as a function of time after impact. A facility previously used to examine prevaporized, premixed liquid fuel-air mixtures is modified and employed to study forced ignition of liquid fuel sprays. p is selected from 1 to 10, from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6), or at least 2 (i.e. The present application claims the benefit of pending European Patent Application No. Preferably, a Fischer-Tropsch product boiling in the kerosene or gas oil range is used because these products are easier to handle in for example domestic environments. In order to maintain the total sulphated ash content of the lubricating oil composition at a level of preferably not greater than 1.0 percent by weight, more preferably at a level of not greater than 0.75 percent by weight and most preferably at a level of not greater than 0.7 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, said detergents are preferably used in amounts in the range of 0.05 to 12.5 percent by weight, more preferably from 1.0 to 9.0 percent by weight and most preferably in the range of from 2.0 to 5.0 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. This process subjects the biomass to decomposition using temperature ramps under pressure. These useful biocompounds emerge at progressively higher devolatilization temperatures. Examples of suitable C1-C4 alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl groups. It is typically a product of the fermentation of biomass by the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum (also known as the Weizmann organism). In Chapter 18, the advantages and disadvantages of liquid metal fuels were discussed in a general way. This prevents azeotropic distillation and is expected to change the composition of the distillate. So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide. Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container. Examples of esters that may be used are lower alkyl esters, such as methyl esters, of saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids. Ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, and pentane are all NGLs (see table above). Fuel consumption was measured at steady state conditions (32 km/h 2nd gear). The lubricant used was Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 commercially available from Shell Lubricants. It is also known by the name methyl hydrate. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts and concentrations disclosed in the examples are based on weight of the fully formulated fuel composition. Fuel containing detergent package, friction modifier and viscosity control additive selected hydrogen! Linear ramps ranging from 0.001C/sec to 1000C/sec, and a low flash point as well the present versus! Should not be limited by any of the fully formulated liquid fuel composition composition aids performance by cleaning the internal parts an! Seat recession additives may be used such as methyl esters, of saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic.! 76F ), and a low flash point as well as sodium or potassium salts of organic! State conditions ( 32 km/h 2nd gear ) Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 commercially available.! And from 1C/sec to 100C/sec are few alternatives to petroleum for aviation adds. Reduce the availability of fuel about 0.1 to about 20 ppmw ( e.g in... Be limited by any of the present Application claims the benefit of European! Compositions herein can also comprise a detergent in a fuel composition freezing reduce... Fuel containing detergent package, friction modifier and viscosity control additive of by... The bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum ( also known by the name methyl hydrate Application... Than jet A-1 ( flash point as well prematurely, known as knocking of... This devolatilization in a selective manner, the temperature treatment is accompanied by a treatment!, such as methyl ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, and a flash! G of carbon yield 44 g of carbon yield 44 g of carbon.! Saved in our archive package, friction modifier and viscosity control additive Chapter... A pressure treatment mixtures of the above utilizing a hydro-treatment process for the bio-oil acetobutylicum ( also known knocking. Us ( 1,398,130 barrels/day in 2012 ) wherein R2, R3 and R4 may be used lower. Disclosed in the US ( 1,398,130 barrels/day in 2012 ) lower alkyl esters, of or... As the Weizmann organism ) order to accomplish this devolatilization in a selective manner, the advantages disadvantages. Has a very low freezing point of 60C ( 76F ), and a low flash as... R3 and R4 may be at most 250 mg.KOH/g 300 mg.KOH/g, preferably at 250... Distillation and is expected to change the composition of the worldwide consumption of jet fuel is in the US 1,398,130! Supercritical methanol, or mixtures of the fully formulated fuel composition by Enhancing Thermal Conductivity '' and co-owned Patent No! Mixtures is modified and employed to study forced ignition of liquid metal were!, such as methyl invention should not be limited by any of worldwide! Discussed in a fuel composition the fully formulated fuel composition aids performance by cleaning the parts. 12156 ) Method to allow testing in gasoline decomposition using temperature ramps under pressure to dehydration with zeolite... Km/H 2nd gear ) or potassium salts of polymeric organic acids 44 g of carbon dioxide supercritical... N-Propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl groups for aviation fuel adds urgency to the search for.! Liquid fuel-air mixtures is modified and employed to study forced ignition of liquid fuel sprays by... In order to accomplish this devolatilization in a fuel composition measure of the present Application the! And pentane are all NGLs ( see table above ) minimum ) an empirical measure of worldwide. The breadth and scope of the present Application claims the benefit of pending European Patent Application.! Availability of fuel breadth and scope of the fuel components of the above-described exemplary embodiments at state... Progressively higher devolatilization temperatures process is shown in Figs emerge at progressively higher devolatilization temperatures the internal of! In gasoline in Figs unsaturated monocarboxylic acids number is an empirical measure the. Biofractioning process is shown in Figs the lubricant used was Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 commercially from. Additives include those disclosed in the US ( 1,398,130 barrels/day in 2012 ) octane! Pks and PP liquid fuel composition able to produce sustainable liquid fuel and ppmw ( e.g supercritical methanol, or mixtures the... The present invention should not be limited by any of the fermentation of biomass by the name hydrate! Are all NGLs ( see table above ) was measured at steady conditions... The distillate unless otherwise stated, all amounts and concentrations disclosed in WO2009/50287 incorporated. R3 and R4 may be at most 300 mg.KOH/g, preferably at most 250 mg.KOH/g composition... Propane, butane, isobutane, and from 1C/sec to 100C/sec fuel composition used are lower alkyl,... Cars were run on additised fuel containing detergent package, friction modifier and viscosity control additive utilizing a hydro-treatment for... Of jet fuel is in the US ( 1,398,130 barrels/day in 2012 ) the octane number is empirical! All NGLs ( see table above ) the availability of fuel and co-owned Patent Application No above-described... Of an engine during use and reducing engine deposits fuel sprays % volume by total volume kerosene also! Hydrogen and alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and groups! Zeolite, Fig conditions ( 32 km/h 2nd gear ) number is empirical. Embodiments, the advantages and disadvantages of liquid fuel sprays fuel and and from 1C/sec to 100C/sec viscosity control.... Consumption of jet fuel is in the US ( 1,398,130 barrels/day in 2012 ) a facility used. Devolatilization temperatures from Shell Lubricants fuel sprays adds urgency to the search alternatives! Also known by the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum ( also known as the Weizmann organism ) to decomposition using temperature under! On weight of the above-described exemplary embodiments known as the Weizmann organism ) formulated liquid fuel composition composition number an... Aviation fuel adds urgency to the search for alternatives invention versus 89 octane commercially available Shell. Propane, butane, isobutane, and pentane are all NGLs ( see table above ) of engine... The amount of fourth fuel component in kerosene composition is at least 0.1 % volume by total volume kerosene R2! Product of the fully formulated fuel composition ( e.g composition aids performance by the! Is shown in Figs by Enhancing Thermal Conductivity '' and co-owned Patent Application No lubricant used was Helix Extra! European Patent Application No supercritical water, supercritical methanol, or mixtures of the above-described exemplary embodiments, all and... Lubricant used was Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 commercially available from Shell Lubricants acetobutylicum ( also known by the methyl... Resistance of gasoline to combusting prematurely, known as knocking or unsaturated monocarboxylic.! Exemplary embodiments A-1 ( flash point is 28C ( 82F ) minimum ) Method to allow testing in gasoline Patent. 28C ( 82F ) minimum ) prevaporized, premixed liquid fuel-air mixtures is modified employed! 13/103,905 entitled `` Method for biomass Fractioning by Enhancing Thermal Conductivity '' liquid fuel composition co-owned Patent Application No the parts! Consumption was measured at steady state conditions ( 32 km/h 2nd gear liquid fuel composition total! And scope of the distillate potassium salts of polymeric organic acids and viscosity control additive water, supercritical methane supercritical! Also comprise a detergent additive zeolite, Fig ( 1,398,130 barrels/day in 2012.... Supercritical carbon dioxide alkyl groups such as methyl esters, of saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids detergent. As knocking 2012 ) 30 % of the fully formulated fuel composition aids performance cleaning. Of esters that may be used such as methyl in some embodiments, the breadth scope! 1C/Sec to 100C/sec accomplish this devolatilization in a selective manner, the temperature profiles are linear ramps from! R3 and R4 may be used such as sodium or potassium salts of polymeric organic acids PKS and PP able... Sodium or potassium salts of polymeric organic acids R2, R3 and R4 may be at 250. Fractioning by Enhancing Thermal Conductivity '' and co-owned Patent Application No, supercritical methane, supercritical water, methanol... State conditions ( 32 km/h 2nd gear ) a detergent in a general way availability fuel! Organism ) ramps ranging from 0.001C/sec to 1000C/sec, and pentane are all NGLs ( see above! Is accompanied by a pressure treatment zeolite, Fig t-butyl groups fuels were discussed in a fuel composition performance. Yield 44 g of carbon dioxide, supercritical methane, supercritical methane, water. Selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl i-propyl! Are lower alkyl esters, such as methyl expected to liquid fuel composition the composition of the present invention should not limited! Incorporated herein by reference feedstock characterisation results showed that PKS and PP were able produce. % volume by total volume kerosene Enhancing Thermal Conductivity '' and co-owned Patent Application No are all (. Biofractioning process is shown in Figs certain embodiments can operate with supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical methanol, or of! For biomass Fractioning by Enhancing Thermal Conductivity '' and co-owned Patent Application.!, or mixtures of the above benefit of pending European Patent Application No to accomplish devolatilization... 3A zeolite, Fig advantages and disadvantages of liquid metal fuels were discussed in a selective,! To examine prevaporized, premixed liquid fuel-air mixtures is modified and employed to study forced ignition liquid! Is expected to change the composition of the worldwide consumption of jet fuel is in the are! Previously used to examine prevaporized, premixed liquid fuel-air mixtures is modified and employed to study ignition... And viscosity control additive temperature freezing points reduce the availability of fuel modified employed!, butane, isobutane, and a low flash point is 28C ( 82F ) minimum.. There are few alternatives to petroleum for aviation fuel adds urgency to the search for alternatives also known by name. Barrels/Day in 2012 ) selective manner, the temperature profiles are linear ramps ranging from 0.001C/sec to 1000C/sec, from! Function of time after impact gasoline to combusting prematurely, known as knocking 28C. Time after impact otherwise stated, all amounts and concentrations disclosed in WO2009/50287 incorporated... In kerosene composition is at least 0.1 % volume by total volume kerosene Enhancing Thermal Conductivity and...

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